Henri Matisse 1869—1954, French painter, sculptor, and lithographer. Along with Picasso, Matisse is considered one of the two foremost artists of the modern period. His contribution to 20th-century art is inestimably great. He studied first with the academician Bouguerreau and then with Gustave Moreau. Matisse's earliest work was exceptionally mature. He explored impressionism and, coming into contact with the theories of Paul Signac, drew upon neoimpressionist styles. To learn aspects of composition he made variations on the works of the old masters in the Louvre, a practice he continued for many years. Matisse began exhibiting in 1896 and at first was unsuccessful. In 1905 at Collioure, a Mediterranean village, he began using pure primary color as a significant structural element. In 1905 he exhibited at the Salon d'automne with the group of artists noted for their remarkable, exuberant use of color. He experimented frequently with different sorts of expressive abstraction, but he rejected cubism in order to develop his own ideas. In 1908 Matisse wrote out his theories for La Grande Revue; he wished, if possible, to paint a visual representation of his emotional reaction to a subject rather than its realistic appearance. By 1909 the artist's fame was worldwide. His superbly simple line drawings rank among the greatest works of graphic art of the 20th cent. In his last years he also made brilliant paper cutouts and stencils, as gay and as strong in design as his earliest work. When he was nearly 80, Matisse volunteered to decorate the Dominican nuns' chapel at Vence, France. His fresh and joyous works for the chapel include three black-and-white murals, three semiabstract stained glass windows, a stone altar, a bronze cross, carved doors, and an array of colorful vestments. His work on the chapel was completed in 1951.
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